As part of my continued summer reading and learning, I just finished reading Policing Black Lives by Robyn Maynard, and I feel like my eyes have been opened to an entire history that I didn’t know existed. In fact, one of my first emotions was anger: how could I, a person with a degree in History, not know so much of what Maynard writes about in relation to Black lives in Canadian history? But then I realized that this is how strong settler colonialism operates: you only learn what they want you to learn. If you want to learn more, you have to actively seek it out: “Few who do not study Black Canadian history are aware that dominant narratives linking crime and Blackness date back at least to the era of the transatlantic slave trade, and that Black persons were disproportionately subject to arrest for violence, drugs and prostitution-related offences throughout Canada as early as the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries” (4). I also realized that this is one of the reasons why work around anti-racism has been so slow-moving: when people don’t know about the true histories of Canada, they think that terms like “whiteness” are offensive (this actually happened in a discussion I was part of, but that may be for another blog post). One of my friends helped me realize recently that unless we actively learn more about anti-racism, we believe that we live in an accepting multicultural society. I know that this is where my mindset was for a number of years. I believed that not only was Canada accepting of everyone, but that everyone had equal chances. I no longer believe this as I have learned more about the true history of Canada, and how these histories manifest themselves in our education system. Maynard’s work continued to help me with this understanding.
To begin, there are a number of misconceptions that I believe people, especially educators, need to come to terms with if they are going to truly engage in work around anti-racism, specifically, anti-Black racism. Many people who took courses in Canadian history heard the stories of slaves in the U.S. escaping to Canada through the Underground Railroad, and then making the false equivalent to think that Canada has always been accepting of everyone. In fact, “Slavery was practised in Canada for over two hundred years. Yet, the realities of Canadian slavery and the hostility enacted upon Black populations in Canada are not taught in most Canadian schools. Slavery in Canada is a topic that remains under-taught and under-researched, and there is a telltale absence of Black Studies departments in most Canadian universities” (18). If you don’t understand how deeply rooted the practice of slavery was in Canada, you cannot have a concept of how it continues to affect Black communities today: “It is the practice of slavery that set the stage for the subsequent centuries of dehumanization of Black life across Canada. Social amnesia about slavery, as is common in Canada, makes it impossible to understand anti-Black policing in the current epoch” (19). We need to do better in our schools to help our students see the true history of Canada, and how things like whiteness and Blackness are social constructs that were designed as part of settler colonialism: “Cedric Robinson...argues that [Blackness] was invented by Europeans at the advent of the transatlantic slave trade. The construction of the African as a subhuman and bestial life form justified the commodification of Black life and labour that would enrich the nations of Europe for centuries to come” (8). This mindset of Black lives being expendable continues today in society as a whole as well as in our school systems. The opposite to this was whiteness which was also a “politically and socially constructed category, subject to change over time” (32) that helped to elevate white people over Black and Indigenous peoples. The problem is that most people don’t know about these constructs, so when we begin to have conversations about whiteness, people’s white fragility (to use DiAngelo’s term) causes them to become very defensive and they do not want to continue to engage in discussions; however, if people learn more about Canada’s history of anti-Blackness as opposed to multiculturalism, perhaps they will get less defensive.
Most Canadians pride themselves on the multiculturalism of Canada and how much better we are than the United States, and “These factors have led to a discernible lack of awareness surrounding the widespread anti-Blackness that continues to hide in plain sight, obscured behind a nominal commitment to liberalism, multiculturalism and equality” (3). In fact, “anti-Blackness is...widely ignored by most Canadians. When acknowledged, it is assumed to exist, perhaps, but in another time (centuries ago), or in another place (the United States)” (2-3). These policies of multiculturalism, however, were created very strategically - something I didn’t realize until I read through Maynard’s work: “‘Multiculturalism’ was officially adopted as policy in 1971 by Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau...Yet, the earnest promotion of Canada as a beacon of tolerance at the advent of multiculturalism served to disguise Canada’s brutal and violent history of slavery and colonization, as well as its continuing abuses of Indigenous, Black and other racialized communities” (55). Multiculturalism sounds like a great idea, and makes it seem like Canada is, and has always been, an accepting society. Yet, “along with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, [multiculturalism] appears to counter past forms of state-based discrimination. This appearance of equality, however, relies on the erasure of the conditions of Black life in Canada’s recent past, as well as its present...It is more accurate to say, perhaps, that Canada has been remarkably effective at hiding the persistent anti-Blackness that has spanned four centuries of Black life” (51). If you’re honest with yourself, as I tried to be while reading through Maynard’s work, I realized that this is exactly the reason why I have a degree in History and knew nothing about Canada’s history of anti-Blackness. The “erasure of the conditions of Black life in Canada’s recent past” has allowed white supremacy and the model minority myth to continue to dominate. Many minorities, myself included, were taught that if you work hard enough and stay out of trouble, Canada will reward you; however, that fails to take into account how prevalent anti-Blackness and anti-Indigeneity are, and have always been in Canada.
This anti-Blackness has manifested itself in Canadian school systems for so many years, that most of us don’t even realize it. When I learned that the last residential school closed in 1996, I was shocked. Through Maynard’s work I learned that “The last segregated school in Canada closed in 1983...The attempt to restrict Black access to quality education also had the effect of keeping Black peoples in positions of economic subordination to Canada’s white population” (34). I also learned about acts that were passed by the government in an attempt to continue to not only keep Black people out of positions of economic advantage, but to criminalize their very existence: “The Act of Union of 1840…[and] the Common Schools Act of 1850...were premised on the association between Blackness and danger. Black children, it was believed, would have a morally corrupting influence on white children. Yet, the uniquely Canadian iteration of segregation took the form of outwardly expressed benevolence. Canadian officials denied the presence of any racial discrimination even as Black students were segregated” (33). By creating a fear of Black bodies, the Canadian government has also been able to justify their hyper-surveillance, something that continues in schools to this day.
Black youth in our schools today are in a very tough spot: “Black youth are, after all, at the intersections of powerlessness: they experience powerlessness inherent to childhood and adolescence combined with that of being a subordinated racial group” (90). They are “often the receptacles of the negative projections of a society mired in the fear of Black bodies” (212). This happens when educators are suspicious of the activity of Black youth in the halls or outside in the playground. This happens when “Black youth continue to be disproportionately streamed into lower education tracks as a result of both individual prejudice and systemic factors” (214). This happens when “Black youth face heightened surveillance and disciplinary measures at massively disproportionate rates compared to their white peers” (217). This happens when “School and security staff often dissuade [Black students] from gathering in groups and subject them to heightened surveillance and frequent identity checks” (217). Because of Canada’s history of anti-Black racism “Black youth are often treated as suspects instead of as the children they are, in the very place where children get socialized and educated” (217). We need to accept that our society was built upon anti-Blackness, and that settler colonialism has done its job so well, that we rarely question it.
Black students facing this type of hyper-surveillance and being treated as suspects, often causes them to disengage from learning; however, this disengagement is a result of racial violence that school systems are built upon: “White-run public schools largely remain a site of racialized violence for many marginalized students...For this reason, many youth disengage from school entirely. While it is frequently referred to as “dropping out,” this language disguises the structural racism both inside and outside of the education system…[and] can more accurately be described as the result of a concerted ‘push-out’” (222). As a result of this, Black youth attempt to find ways to cope or survive: “Black youth continue to apply survival strategies to find ways to navigate exceedingly complex situations. Resistance tactics employed by Black students take many forms…’oppositional behaviours’ including adopting unique dress and language styles that conflict with dominant society, are ways in which Black youth subvert the hegemonic norms being imposed upon them in schools…[as well as] ‘dropping out and the behaviours associated with “fading out” of school (e.g., “truancy,” lack of interest and participation in school, etc.) can be seen as forms of resistance” (226-227). Instead of seeing these as coping strategies, educators often blame the student or parents for their disengagement. They blame “poor attitudes” or “laziness” as the reasons for failure. Yet, how often do educators stop and ask “why?” Why are students coming late to class? Why are students taking extended washroom breaks? Why are students not wanting to get involved in their school? Why are students “misbehaving”? If you are an educator, I encourage you to ask “why” next time one of your students is disengaging. You might be surprised about what you find. I know I have been.
In the end, I believe that all Canadians, especially educators, need to read Maynard’s work. She not only exposes much of what we don’t know, but outlines ways that we can begin to address the issues of anti-Blackness in Canada. For myself, I know that I still have a lot of learning and unlearning left to do. I also know that my actions also have to follow my words here. I need to challenge educators who send Black students to the office for minor issues that would not have a white student sent down. I need to challenge myself in how I consider suspensions as a VP, and, in Kike Ojo-Thompson’s words, “hold myself in healthy distrust” to ensure that I am considering how settler colonialism and anti-Blackness might be altering my decision. I need to challenge my own South Asian community whose notions of anti-Blackness are so deeply rooted in colonialism that they are willing to bleach their skin to not be considered too dark. I need to challenge what students are being taught, or not taught in school because “A history that goes unacknowledged is too often a history that is doomed to be repeated” (4).
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